Road construction in regions with expansive subgrade soils needs careful consideration of the soil behavior under varying environmental conditions. It is well established that expansive soils also ...

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Expansive soils, particularly black cotton soil (BCS), present significant engineering challenges due to their high swelling potential and shrinkage behavior, leading to structural instability. This ...

Regardless of how much experience an equipment operator has, it is difficult to achieve uniform compaction over a sizable area without the help of technology. Without technology, equipment operators ...